Climatic classification: Difference between revisions

From Glossary of Meteorology
No edit summary
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{DISPLAYTITLE:climatic classification}}


The division of the earth's climates into a worldwide system of contiguous  regions, each one of which is defined by relative homogeneity of the [[climatic elements]].<br/> The earliest known classification of [[climate]], devised by the Greeks, simply divided each hemisphere  into a [[mathematical climate]] of three zones, the "summerless," "intermediate," and "winterless,"  thus accounting only for the latitudinal differences in solar effect (the Greek word ''klima''  means "inclination"). More recently, these zones have been labeled the [[Torrid zone|Torrid]], [[Temperate zone|Temperate]], and  [[Frigid zones]]. Apparently, the first major improvement over this classification was introduced by  Alexander Supan in the nineteenth century. He based his zones on actual rather than theoretical  temperatures, and named one [[hot belt]], two [[temperate belts]], and two [[cold caps]]. Supan also  divided the world into 34 [[climatic provinces]], with no attempt to relate similar climates of different  locations. Another basic and much used approach recognizes other climatic controls as well as the  sun. The resulting climates are called (with variations) [[polar climate|polar]], [[temperate climate|temperate]], [[tropical climate|tropical]], [[continental climate|continental]],  [[marine climate|marine]], [[mountain climate|mountain]], and probably others. Of the major climatic classifications in use today, those  of W. K&#x000f6;ppen (1918) and C. W. Thornthwaite (1931) are referred to most often. K&#x000f6;ppen's elaborate  "geographical system of climates" is based upon annual and seasonal [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]  values; his [[climatic regions]] are given a letter code designation. The major categories are [[tropical rainy climate|tropical  rainy climate]], [[dry climate]], [[temperate rainy climate]], [[snow forest climate]], [[tundra climate]], and  [[perpetual frost climate]]. Gorczy&#x00144;ski (1948) devised a decimal number system similar to the  [[K&#x000f6;ppen classification]]. Thornthwaite's (1931) bioclimatological system utilizes indices of [[precipitation effectiveness|precipitation  effectiveness]] to outline [[humidity provinces]], and [[thermal efficiency]] for [[temperature  provinces]]; and again, a letter code designates regions. Thornthwaite (1948) introduced an approach  to a "rational" classification, wherein [[potential evapotranspiration]] is used as a measure of [[thermal efficiency|thermal  efficiency]], and is compared to precipitation to form a [[moisture index]] and to show amounts and  periods of water surplus and deficiency. Definite break points are revealed that are adaptable as  climatic boundaries. Many authors have devised modified classifications to instruct a particular  audience. An excellent example is that of C. E. P. Brooks (1951) in which climatic regions are  defined with respect to human activity.<br/> Supan, A. 1879. Die Temperaturzonen der Erde. Petermanns Geog. Mitt.. 25. 349&ndash;358. <br/> Brooks, C. E. P. 1951. Climate in Everyday Life. 17&ndash;21. <br/> K&#x000f6;ppen, W. P. 1918. Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag und Jahreslauf. Petermanns  Geog. Mitt.. 64. 193&ndash;203; 243&ndash;248. <br/> K&#x000f6;ppen, W. P. 1931. Grundriss der Klimakunde. 2d ed., Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <br/> K&#x000f6;ppen, W. P., and R. Geiger 1930&ndash;1939. Handbuch der Klimatologie. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 6 vols. <br/> Thornthwaite, C. W. 1931. The climates of North America according to a new classification. Geogr. Rev..  21. 633&ndash;655. <br/> Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev.. 38. 55&ndash;94. <br/> Gorczy&#x00144;ski, W. 1948. Decimal System of World Climates. Przeglad Meteor. Hydrol.. 1. 30&ndash;43. <br/> Trewartha, G. T. 1954. An Introduction to Climate. 3d ed., Appendix A, . 223&ndash;238. <br/>
<br/>


{{TermHeader}}
== clasificación climática ==
{{TermSearch}}
Es la división de los climas de la Tierra en un sistema mundial de regiones contiguas, cada una de las cuales se define por la homogeneidad relativa de los elementos climáticos.


<div class="termentry">
Como la clasificación más antigua conocida del clima, ideada por los griegos, simplemente dividía cada hemisferio en un clima matemático de tres zonas, la "sin verano", "intermedia" y "sin invierno", lo que explica únicamente las diferencias latitudinales en el efecto solar (la palabra griega klima significa "inclinación"). Más recientemente, estas zonas han sido etiquetadas como las zonas tórridas, templadas y glaciales. Aparentemente, la primera mejora importante sobre esta clasificación la introdujo Alexander Supan en el siglo XIX. Basó sus zonas en temperaturas reales en lugar de teóricas, y nombró un cinturón caliente, dos cinturones templados y dos tapas frías. Supan también dividió el mundo en 34 provincias climáticas, sin ningún intento de relacionar los climas similares de lugares diferentes. Otro enfoque básico y muy utilizado reconoce otros controles climáticos, así como al Sol. Los climas resultantes se denominan (con variaciones) polares, templados, tropicales, continentales, marinos, de montaña y probablemente otros. De las principales clasificaciones climáticas en uso hoy en día, las de W. Köppen (1918) y C. W. Thornthwaite (1931) son a las que se hace referencia más a menudo. El elaborado "sistema geográfico de climas" de Köppen se basa en los valores de temperatura y precipitación anuales y estacionales; sus regiones climáticas reciben una designación de código de letra. Las categorías principales son clima lluvioso tropical, clima seco, clima lluvioso templado, clima de bosque boreal, clima de tundra y clima de heladas perpetuas. Gorczyński (1948) ideó un sistema de números decimales similar a la clasificación de Köppen. El sistema bioclimatológico de Thornthwaite (1931) utiliza índices de efectividad de precipitación para delinear provincias de humedad y eficiencia térmica para provincias de temperatura; y nuevamente, un código de letras designa regiones. Thornthwaite (1948) introdujo un enfoque para una clasificación "racional", en la que se usa la evapotranspiración potencial como medida de la eficiencia térmica, y se compara con la precipitación para formar un índice de humedad y para mostrar cantidades y períodos de exceso y deficiencia de agua. Se revelan puntos de ruptura definidos que son adaptables como límites climáticos. Muchos autores han ideado clasificaciones modificadas para instruir a una audiencia en particular. Un ejemplo excelente es el de C. E. P. Brooks (1951) en el que las regiones climáticas se definen con respecto a la actividad humana.
  <div class="term">
== climatic classification ==


<div class="definition"><div class="short_definition">The division of the earth's climates into a worldwide system of contiguous  regions, each one of which is defined by relative homogeneity of the [[climatic elements]].</div><br/> <div class="paragraph">The earliest known classification of [[climate]], devised by the Greeks, simply divided each hemisphere  into a [[mathematical climate]] of three zones, the "summerless," "intermediate," and "winterless,"  thus accounting only for the latitudinal differences in solar effect (the Greek word ''klima''  means "inclination"). More recently, these zones have been labeled the [[Torrid zone|Torrid]], [[Temperate zone|Temperate]], and  [[Frigid zones]]. Apparently, the first major improvement over this classification was introduced by  Alexander Supan in the nineteenth century. He based his zones on actual rather than theoretical  temperatures, and named one [[hot belt]], two [[temperate belts]], and two [[cold caps]]. Supan also  divided the world into 34 [[climatic provinces]], with no attempt to relate similar climates of different  locations. Another basic and much used approach recognizes other climatic controls as well as the  sun. The resulting climates are called (with variations) [[polar climate|polar]], [[temperate climate|temperate]], [[tropical climate|tropical]], [[continental climate|continental]],  [[marine climate|marine]], [[mountain climate|mountain]], and probably others. Of the major climatic classifications in use today, those  of W. K&#x000f6;ppen (1918) and C. W. Thornthwaite (1931) are referred to most often. K&#x000f6;ppen's elaborate  "geographical system of climates" is based upon annual and seasonal [[temperature]] and [[precipitation]]  values; his [[climatic regions]] are given a letter code designation. The major categories are [[tropical rainy climate|tropical  rainy climate]], [[dry climate]], [[temperate rainy climate]], [[snow forest climate]], [[tundra climate]], and  [[perpetual frost climate]]. Gorczy&#x00144;ski (1948) devised a decimal number system similar to the  [[K&#x000f6;ppen classification]]. Thornthwaite's (1931) bioclimatological system utilizes indices of [[precipitation effectiveness|precipitation  effectiveness]] to outline [[humidity provinces]], and [[thermal efficiency]] for [[temperature  provinces]]; and again, a letter code designates regions. Thornthwaite (1948) introduced an approach  to a "rational" classification, wherein [[potential evapotranspiration]] is used as a measure of [[thermal efficiency|thermal  efficiency]], and is compared to precipitation to form a [[moisture index]] and to show amounts and  periods of water surplus and deficiency. Definite break points are revealed that are adaptable as  climatic boundaries. Many authors have devised modified classifications to instruct a particular  audience. An excellent example is that of C. E. P. Brooks (1951) in which climatic regions are  defined with respect to human activity.</div><br/> </div><div class="reference">Supan, A. 1879. Die Temperaturzonen der Erde. Petermanns Geog. Mitt.. 25. 349&ndash;358. </div><br/> <div class="reference">Brooks, C. E. P. 1951. Climate in Everyday Life. 17&ndash;21. </div><br/> <div class="reference">K&#x000f6;ppen, W. P. 1918. Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag und Jahreslauf. Petermanns  Geog. Mitt.. 64. 193&ndash;203; 243&ndash;248. </div><br/> <div class="reference">K&#x000f6;ppen, W. P. 1931. Grundriss der Klimakunde. 2d ed., Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. </div><br/> <div class="reference">K&#x000f6;ppen, W. P., and R. Geiger 1930&ndash;1939. Handbuch der Klimatologie. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 6 vols. </div><br/> <div class="reference">Thornthwaite, C. W. 1931. The climates of North America according to a new classification. Geogr. Rev..  21. 633&ndash;655. </div><br/> <div class="reference">Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev.. 38. 55&ndash;94. </div><br/> <div class="reference">Gorczy&#x00144;ski, W. 1948. Decimal System of World Climates. Przeglad Meteor. Hydrol.. 1. 30&ndash;43. </div><br/> <div class="reference">Trewartha, G. T. 1954. An Introduction to Climate. 3d ed., Appendix A, . 223&ndash;238. </div><br/>
<br/>


<p>''Term edited 24 August 2023.''</p>
<p>''Term edited 24 August 2023.''</p>
{{TermIndex}}
{{TermFooter}}
[[Category:Terms_C]]

Latest revision as of 09:22, 19 April 2024


The division of the earth's climates into a worldwide system of contiguous regions, each one of which is defined by relative homogeneity of the climatic elements.
The earliest known classification of climate, devised by the Greeks, simply divided each hemisphere into a mathematical climate of three zones, the "summerless," "intermediate," and "winterless," thus accounting only for the latitudinal differences in solar effect (the Greek word klima means "inclination"). More recently, these zones have been labeled the Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid zones. Apparently, the first major improvement over this classification was introduced by Alexander Supan in the nineteenth century. He based his zones on actual rather than theoretical temperatures, and named one hot belt, two temperate belts, and two cold caps. Supan also divided the world into 34 climatic provinces, with no attempt to relate similar climates of different locations. Another basic and much used approach recognizes other climatic controls as well as the sun. The resulting climates are called (with variations) polar, temperate, tropical, continental, marine, mountain, and probably others. Of the major climatic classifications in use today, those of W. Köppen (1918) and C. W. Thornthwaite (1931) are referred to most often. Köppen's elaborate "geographical system of climates" is based upon annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation values; his climatic regions are given a letter code designation. The major categories are tropical rainy climate, dry climate, temperate rainy climate, snow forest climate, tundra climate, and perpetual frost climate. Gorczyński (1948) devised a decimal number system similar to the Köppen classification. Thornthwaite's (1931) bioclimatological system utilizes indices of precipitation effectiveness to outline humidity provinces, and thermal efficiency for temperature provinces; and again, a letter code designates regions. Thornthwaite (1948) introduced an approach to a "rational" classification, wherein potential evapotranspiration is used as a measure of thermal efficiency, and is compared to precipitation to form a moisture index and to show amounts and periods of water surplus and deficiency. Definite break points are revealed that are adaptable as climatic boundaries. Many authors have devised modified classifications to instruct a particular audience. An excellent example is that of C. E. P. Brooks (1951) in which climatic regions are defined with respect to human activity.
Supan, A. 1879. Die Temperaturzonen der Erde. Petermanns Geog. Mitt.. 25. 349–358.
Brooks, C. E. P. 1951. Climate in Everyday Life. 17–21.
Köppen, W. P. 1918. Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag und Jahreslauf. Petermanns Geog. Mitt.. 64. 193–203; 243–248.
Köppen, W. P. 1931. Grundriss der Klimakunde. 2d ed., Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Köppen, W. P., and R. Geiger 1930–1939. Handbuch der Klimatologie. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 6 vols.
Thornthwaite, C. W. 1931. The climates of North America according to a new classification. Geogr. Rev.. 21. 633–655.
Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev.. 38. 55–94.
Gorczyński, W. 1948. Decimal System of World Climates. Przeglad Meteor. Hydrol.. 1. 30–43.
Trewartha, G. T. 1954. An Introduction to Climate. 3d ed., Appendix A, . 223–238.

clasificación climática[edit | edit source]

Es la división de los climas de la Tierra en un sistema mundial de regiones contiguas, cada una de las cuales se define por la homogeneidad relativa de los elementos climáticos.

Como la clasificación más antigua conocida del clima, ideada por los griegos, simplemente dividía cada hemisferio en un clima matemático de tres zonas, la "sin verano", "intermedia" y "sin invierno", lo que explica únicamente las diferencias latitudinales en el efecto solar (la palabra griega klima significa "inclinación"). Más recientemente, estas zonas han sido etiquetadas como las zonas tórridas, templadas y glaciales. Aparentemente, la primera mejora importante sobre esta clasificación la introdujo Alexander Supan en el siglo XIX. Basó sus zonas en temperaturas reales en lugar de teóricas, y nombró un cinturón caliente, dos cinturones templados y dos tapas frías. Supan también dividió el mundo en 34 provincias climáticas, sin ningún intento de relacionar los climas similares de lugares diferentes. Otro enfoque básico y muy utilizado reconoce otros controles climáticos, así como al Sol. Los climas resultantes se denominan (con variaciones) polares, templados, tropicales, continentales, marinos, de montaña y probablemente otros. De las principales clasificaciones climáticas en uso hoy en día, las de W. Köppen (1918) y C. W. Thornthwaite (1931) son a las que se hace referencia más a menudo. El elaborado "sistema geográfico de climas" de Köppen se basa en los valores de temperatura y precipitación anuales y estacionales; sus regiones climáticas reciben una designación de código de letra. Las categorías principales son clima lluvioso tropical, clima seco, clima lluvioso templado, clima de bosque boreal, clima de tundra y clima de heladas perpetuas. Gorczyński (1948) ideó un sistema de números decimales similar a la clasificación de Köppen. El sistema bioclimatológico de Thornthwaite (1931) utiliza índices de efectividad de precipitación para delinear provincias de humedad y eficiencia térmica para provincias de temperatura; y nuevamente, un código de letras designa regiones. Thornthwaite (1948) introdujo un enfoque para una clasificación "racional", en la que se usa la evapotranspiración potencial como medida de la eficiencia térmica, y se compara con la precipitación para formar un índice de humedad y para mostrar cantidades y períodos de exceso y deficiencia de agua. Se revelan puntos de ruptura definidos que son adaptables como límites climáticos. Muchos autores han ideado clasificaciones modificadas para instruir a una audiencia en particular. Un ejemplo excelente es el de C. E. P. Brooks (1951) en el que las regiones climáticas se definen con respecto a la actividad humana.


Term edited 24 August 2023.

Copyright 2024 American Meteorological Society (AMS). For permission to reuse any portion of this work, please contact permissions@ametsoc.org. Any use of material in this work that is determined to be “fair use” under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 U.S. Code § 107) or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S.Copyright Act (17 USC § 108) does not require AMS’s permission. Republication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form, such as on a website or in a searchable database, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the above statement, require written permission or a license from AMS. Additional details are provided in the AMS Copyright Policy statement.